Solar Panel Authority Canada

Glossary Of Solar Industry Terms

To learn about the solar energy industry, you need to know the terms and jargon they use. If you are new to this field or want to refresh your memory, check out our easy explanations below to understand the solar industry better.

Alternative Energy

Alternative energy is a basic concept in the realm of solar panel vocabulary. It encompasses energy derived from sources that have minimal or no detrimental impact on the environment. These sources are typically natural and renewable, including solar energy, wind power, geothermal energy, biomass, and hydroelectricity.

Angle of Incidence

The solar angle of incidence refers to the angle between a sunray and a line perpendicular to a surface, such as a solar panel. When a surface directly faces the sun, the solar angle of incidence is zero. However, if the surface is parallel to the sun, such as during sunrise hitting a horizontal rooftop, the angle of incidence becomes 90 degrees. This angle plays a crucial role in determining the intensity and effectiveness of solar radiation on the solar collector.

Azimuth Angle

The direction that your roof faces (in the context of solar). The azimuth is measured in degrees, representing the angle between your roof and true south.

Battery

A device that stores excess electricity from solar panels for later use. Batteries are useful for off-grid or hybrid solar systems that need backup power when there is no sun or grid connection.

Battery Cycle Life:

Cycle life refers to the total number of charge-discharge cycles that a cell or battery can endure before its capacity or efficiency falls below the specified performance criteria. It represents the measure of a cell or battery's longevity and durability over time. The higher the cycle life, the more reliable and long-lasting the cell or battery is, ensuring consistent performance throughout its operational lifespan.

Manufacturers often provide cycle life ratings to help consumers make informed decisions about the suitability of a cell or battery for their specific needs.

Base Load

The average amount of electric power that a utility company must supply to its customers in any period.

Building-Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV)

Building-Integrated Photovoltaics is an innovative approach that involves seamlessly integrating photovoltaic components into various building materials. BIPV modules not only provide the functionality of traditional building materials, but also serve as power generators. BIPV modules can be incorporated into building facades, awnings, and even glass surfaces thus avoiding the installation of solar panels. This versatile technology blends aesthetics and sustainability, allowing buildings to generate clean and renewable energy while maintaining their architectural integrity.

Charge Controller

A device that regulates the voltage and current from solar panels to batteries, preventing overcharging or undercharging. Charge controllers are essential for off-grid or hybrid solar systems that use batteries.

CSA Certified

CSA certified refers to a certification granted by the Canadian Standards Association (CSA), a recognized and reputable organization that sets safety and performance standards for various products, including solar panels and related equipment. When a product is CSA certified, it means that it has undergone rigorous testing and evaluation to meet specific criteria established by the CSA. This certification indicates that the product meets industry standards for safety, quality, and performance, giving consumers confidence in its reliability and adherence to established guidelines.

Disconnect Switch

A device that allows you to disconnect your solar system from the grid or the batteries for safety or maintenance purposes.

Electrical Grid

The electrical grid, or power grid, is a complex network of interconnected power generation, transmission, and distribution infrastructure that delivers electricity from power plants to consumers. It consists of power plants, transmission lines, substations, transformers, and distribution lines.

In the context of solar systems in homes, the electrical grid refers to the centralized network that connects solar-powered homes to the larger electricity distribution system. Solar panels generate electricity from sunlight, which can be used in the home, with any excess energy fed back into the grid. This interconnectedness enables solar homeowners to benefit from both self-sufficiency and access to reliable backup power, as they can draw electricity from the grid when solar production is insufficient. By leveraging the electrical grid, solar-powered homes can effectively harness renewable energy while maintaining a seamless and reliable power supply.

Energy Audit

An assessment of how much energy your home or business uses and how you can reduce it by improving your home’s efficiency or switching to renewable sources. The results of an audit can help a homeowner pinpoint patterns or problems that contribute to energy waste.

Federal Tax Credit

The Canadian Clean Technology Investment Tax Credit is a government incentive program that offers a refundable 30% tax credit on the capital costs of investments in wind, solar PV, and energy storage technologies. This tax credit is available to taxable entities, such as most homeowners and businesses. It applies to new project spending starting from March 28, 2023, and continuing through to 2034.

Feed-In Tariff (FIT)

In Canada, a feed-in tariff (FIT) is a pricing policy aimed at promoting the widespread adoption of renewable energy sources. It entails long-term agreements that enable utility companies to purchase electricity from customers who generate renewable energy through FIT-eligible sources. This means that Canadian homeowners with rooftop solar panels can participate in FIT programs and receive a pre-negotiated payment for the excess electricity they produce and supply to the electrical grid. It's important to note that not all provinces or territories in Canada offer feed-in tariff programs, but where available, they provide an attractive incentive for solar users to contribute clean energy to the grid while receiving financial compensation for their renewable energy generation.

Flow Batteries

Flow batteries (AKA redox flow batteries) are mainly designed for commercial use but they are making headway in the DIY market. A flow battery is made up of two tanks, each filled with chemicals in different oxidation states. They react through a membrane when a charge is applied causing energy to be released.

Grid or "The Grid"

Grid-Connected System/Grid-Tied System

A grid-connected solar system operates similarly to an independent PV solar system, but with the added advantage of working in conjunction with a utility grid. While standalone PV systems rely solely on sunlight for power, grid-connected setups allow homes and businesses to both consume electricity from the grid and send excess power back to the utility. Integrating with the grid allows homeowners to optimize their energy usage, reduce dependency on non-renewable sources, and contribute to the overall sustainability of the electricity supply system.

Grid Parity

In Canada, grid parity, or socket parity, is a significant milestone that assesses the competitiveness of solar electricity compared to the cost of electricity generated from traditional sources. When grid parity is achieved, it means that the levelized cost of solar electricity matches or becomes lower than the cost of purchasing power from a utility company. This signifies that installing solar panels on your roof becomes a financially advantageous option, as it allows you to generate your own electricity at a cost equal to or lower than buying it from the grid. Grid parity in Canada encourages the adoption of solar energy, enabling homeowners to save on their electricity bills while contributing to a cleaner and more sustainable energy future.

Inverter

A solar inverter plays a crucial role in converting the direct current (DC) power generated by solar panels into alternating current (AC) electricity. Household devices and appliances use AC current, so the power generated by the solar infrastructure, which is in DC, must be converted for use. By facilitating this conversion process, solar inverters allow that electricity generated by a solar array can be effectively utilized.

Irradiance

Solar irradiance refers to the amount of power received from the Sun per unit area. It is a measurement of the energy density of sunlight in a specific range of wavelengths. Solar irradiance is typically quantified in watts per square meter (kW/m²)., indicating the intensity of solar radiation reaching a given surface area.

Lead Acid Batteries

A type of battery used for storage of electrical power. This is an older technology that contains lead bathed in acid. They are very reliable and long lasting while being one of the most economical type of battery.

Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE)

The per-unit cost of energy from a solar generating system. LCOE is calculated by dividing the total cost of the system by the estimated total amount of energy the system will produce over its lifetime.

Lithium-Ion Batteries

A modern type of battery used for storage of electrical power. Lithium-ion batteries are highly efficient, have a longer cycle life, and provide better performance than older Lead Acid batteries.

Kilowatt

A kilowatt (kW) is a measure of electricity being used at any given time by a device. You can quickly convert watts (W) to kilowatts (kW) by diving your wattage by 1,000. For example: 1,000W / 1,000 = 1 kW.

Kilowatt Hours

A kilowatt-hour (kWh) is a measure of energy being consumed over a period of time. A kWh is the power demand, measured in kilowatts multiplied by the total amount of time the power is being used, measured in hours. For example: 1000 W * 1 hour = 1 kWh.

The average Canadian household consumes about 30 kWh per day.

Meter

A meter is a device that measures the amount of electricity produced by solar panels or consumed by appliances. Power meters can be used to monitor the performance of solar systems or to claim credits from utility companies for grid-tie solar systems. When you install solar panels, you’ll probably need to upgrade to a bi-directional or digital meter.

Monocrystalline Silicon Panels

Monocrystalline silicon solar panels represent the epitome of efficiency and performance in the realm of solar energy. These panels are meticulously crafted from a single, pure crystal structure, hence the name "monocrystalline." This manufacturing process ensures a high level of uniformity and purity, resulting in exceptional conversion of sunlight into electricity. Monocrystalline panels exhibit the highest efficiency rates among solar panel types, making them an ideal choice for maximizing power generation in limited space. Their sleek black appearance and uniform aesthetics make them visually appealing, blending seamlessly into residential and commercial environments. While monocrystalline silicon panels are typically priced higher than other options, their exceptional efficiency, durability, and long lifespan make them a worthwhile investment for those seeking top-tier solar solutions.

Mounting System

A set of hardware that attaches solar panels to the roof, ground, or other structures. Solar mounts can be fixed or adjustable, depending on the orientation and angle of the solar panels. To many, what matters most is how the mounting system might affect the condition of your roof or the resulting appearance of the home.

Net Metering

Net metering is a billing arrangement that enables solar array owners to send any surplus or unused solar energy back to the utility grid, which can then be utilized by other customers.

This system not only promotes the efficient use of renewable energy but also provides significant cost savings for solar power users. By offsetting their energy consumption with the excess energy they contribute to the grid, solar users can see a noticeable reduction in their monthly utility bills, making renewable energy even more financially beneficial.

Nickel-Cadmium Batteries

A type of battery that is rarely used for storage of electrical power in DIY installations.

Off-Grid

Off-grid refers to a setup where a home, cottage, RV or any solar equipped installation operates independently from the traditional electrical grid. Off-grid homes rely solely on their self-generated power, typically from solar panels, to meet their electricity needs. These solar systems, often equipped with energy storage solutions like batteries, capture and store energy from the sun to be used during periods when solar production is low or at night. Off-grid solar systems are commonly used in remote locations or areas where connecting to the electrical grid is impractical or too expensive.

Peak Sun Hours

Peak sun hours represent the duration of bright sunshine when the solar irradiance reaches 1 kilowatt per square meter (kW/m^2^). It's important to note that peak sun hours are not the same as the total hours of daylight. Factors such as time of day, season, cloud cover, and location influence the actual number of peak sun hours. For instance, even if solar panels receive partial sunlight for eight hours in a day, the actual peak sun hours may average around three or four. These hours reflect the most intense sunlight, crucial for efficient energy generation by solar panels.

Photovoltaic (PV)

The term "photovoltaic" (PV) is derived from the combination two words; "photo" (meaning light) and "voltaic" (relating to voltage). In the realm of physics, "photovoltaic" describes objects or materials that generate electricity when exposed to light or radiant energy. This terminology is commonly used to refer to solar cells, solar modules, and solar panels, which are all types of PV cells, PV modules, and PV panels respectively. These terms describe the electricity generation process through the conversion of light energy into electrical voltage.

Photovoltaic Conversion Efficiency

Photovoltaic (PV) conversion efficiency denotes the percentage of solar energy that a photovoltaic cell can effectively convert into usable electrical power. This measure is crucial in the field of renewable energy, where considerable research efforts aim to enhance the conversion efficiency of PV devices. By improving the conversion efficiency, solar panels can maximize the amount of sunlight they convert into usable electricity, increasing the overall effectiveness and attractiveness of solar power as a sustainable energy solution.

Polycrystalline Silicon Panels

Polycrystalline silicon solar panels, a popular type of solar panel, exhibit distinctive characteristics and advantages. These panels are composed of multiple silicon crystals, giving them their characteristic "polycrystalline" structure. They offer a compelling balance between efficiency and affordability in comparison to other panel types. While slightly less efficient than monocrystalline panels, polycrystalline silicon panels provide a cost-effective solution for harnessing solar energy. They are known for their robustness and ability to perform well in various weather conditions. With their attractive price point and reliable performance, polycrystalline silicon solar panels continue to be a favored choice for homeowners and businesses seeking to adopt sustainable and economical solar power solutions.

Power Purchase Agreement (PPA)

This refers to a specific contract known as a solar power purchase agreement (PPA). Under this arrangement, a developer funds and installs a solar energy system on a customer's (home, farm or business) property, typically with minimal or no upfront cost to the owner. The electricity generated by the system is then sold to the customer at a predetermined rate, which is typically lower than the standard utility rates.

At the end of the agreement, the customer typically has the choice to extend the contract, remove the equipment, or purchase the solar array from the developer at a reduced price. PPAs? offer customers a convenient and cost-effective way to access solar energy while providing flexibility and options for future ownership.

Real-Time Pricing

"Real-time pricing" (RTP) refers to a dynamic electricity pricing structure that fluctuates based on current supply and demand conditions. It allows homeowners to take advantage of lower electricity rates when solar production is high and adjust their usage accordingly, optimizing energy consumption and maximizing the benefits of their solar systems.

Renewable Energy

Renewable energy is a term used to describe energy derived from naturally occurring sources that possess the remarkable ability to replenish themselves over time. These sustainable sources of energy include wind, solar radiation, tidal forces, and geothermal heat. By harnessing the power of these renewable resources, we can tap into an endless and environmentally friendly energy supply, reducing our dependence on finite fossil fuels.

Smart Grid

Smart grids are advanced electrical grids that leverage digital technology to enable computer-based automation, remote control, and bidirectional communication between utility providers and consumers. By integrating various technologies and components, smart grids have the ability to promptly respond to fluctuations in electricity demand through digital means. This digital responsiveness enhances energy efficiency across the grid as well as in homes and offices. With features like real-time monitoring and optimized energy management, smart grids pave the way for a more sustainable and efficient energy future.

Solar Array

A solar array refers to a configuration of interconnected solar panels designed to generate the desired energy output needed for a home or business. In residential applications, a typical solar array consists of approximately 20-25 solar panels, strategically wired together to meet the entire energy consumption needs of the household.

Solar Cell

A solar cell, also known as a photovoltaic (PV) cell, is a device that converts sunlight directly into electrical energy through the photovoltaic effect. It consists of semiconductor materials, typically made of silicon, that absorb photons from sunlight and release electrons, generating an electric current. Solar cells are the building blocks of solar panels and are widely used in solar power systems to harness the clean and renewable energy of the sun.

A single solar cell typically generates about 1 or 2 watts of power in full sunlight and some solar cells can generate as much as 3 to 4.5 watts.

Solar Farm

A solar farm, also known as a solar ranch, solar field, or solar park, refers to a sizable setup of solar panels used for generating electricity. Typically covering an area ranging from one to 100's of hectares, a solar farm enables a community to harness the advantages of solar energy without the need for individual system ownership, installation, or maintenance. By consolidating multiple solar panels into a centralized location, a solar farm maximizes the efficiency and output of solar electricity, serving as a shared resource for the community's energy needs. This collective approach simplifies access to renewable energy, eliminates the burden of individual system management, and promotes the widespread adoption of sustainable power sources.

Solar Lease

A solar lease is a contractual agreement between you and a utility company. Typically spanning as much as 20 years the contract enables your utility company to install and operate a solar power system on your roof without requiring you to purchase the equipment. Instead, you make monthly installments and periodic adjustments in pricing, and in return, you benefit from the energy generated by these solar panels.

This lease arrangement allows you to access clean and renewable energy while avoiding the upfront costs associated with buying and maintaining a solar system.

Solar Panel

Solar panels are created by connecting multiple solar cells together to produce higher power output. A typical solar panel consists of a bundle of 36 to 40 solar cells. By wiring these cells together, solar panels can achieve the desired current and voltage levels. Solar panels are interconnected in an array configuration to supply even larger amounts of electric energy.

The average household requires 20–25 solar panels in its solar array to provide 100% of its energy consumption, but a detailed calculation is necessary to verify the precise number that you need.

Thin-film Silicon Panels

Thin-film silicon solar panels offer a unique and versatile approach to harnessing solar energy. Unlike traditional crystalline panels, thin-film panels are constructed using a thin layer of semiconductor material deposited onto a substrate, such as glass or metal. This manufacturing process allows for greater flexibility, lightweight design, and the ability to integrate solar panels into various surfaces, including curved or non-traditional shapes. While thin-film panels may have lower efficiency compared to crystalline counterparts, they excel in low-light conditions and perform well in diffuse sunlight or shaded areas. Their adaptability and aesthetic possibilities make them suitable for diverse applications, including building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) and portable solar devices. Thin-film silicon solar panels are a compelling choice for those seeking solar solutions with design flexibility and enhanced performance under non-optimal sunlight conditions.

Time of Use

Time of Use (TOU) pricing is a rate structure implemented by electrical utilities that divides the day into specific time segments. During these segments, the cost of electricity varies based on the overall grid load. The objective of TOU pricing is to incentivize users to adjust their electricity usage to periods when demand is lower and production costs are cheaper. By shifting consumption to these designated time blocks, users can take advantage of lower rates and contribute to a more efficient use of the electrical grid.

Tracking Mount

A system that moves the solar panels throughout the day as the sun moves so that they will always be facing the sun at the optimal angle.

True South

In the northern hemisphere, your solar panels to face true south (as opposed to magnetic south). You can best do this using Google Earth (a feature in Google Maps) to find which direction your roof faces. If your roof faces a different direction; you can often configure the panels to face true south.

Cheers!
Katie

• Posted On: January 15, 2023
• Updated: July 15, 2023

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